Abstract:[Objective] The effects of different underlying surface types （desert and Gobi） along arid-region railway corridors on vegetation growth characteristics， water dynamics， and ecological adaptation mechanisms were analyzed， in order to provide a scientific basis for vegetation configuration and water resource management in railway ecological zones. [Methods] Based on continuous monitoring from April to October 2023 at three representative sites along the Hotan-Ruoqiang Railway （DK48， DK258， and DK553）， key indicators such as plant height， basal diameter， density， live coverage ratio， stemflow rate， and soil moisture were collected. Regression analysis and multivariate statistical methods were used to quantitatively explore the relationships between vegetation morphology and water-related factors. [Results] Vegetation in the desert area （DK258） exhibited significantly greater plant height （up to 192.85 cm）， basal diameter （36.36 mm）， and live coverage ratio （0.965） compared to the Gobi areas （DK48 and DK553）， indicating stronger water acquisition capacity and ecological adaptability. Stemflow monitoring showed that Haloxylon ammodendron responded rapidly to spring precipitation （peaking from April to June at a rate of 5.61×10^-4 g/s）， while Elaeagnus angustifolia exhibited increased stemflow in late summer， and Populus euphratica had an annual water demand of 17.5 kg-substantially higher than H. ammodendron （0.24 kg） and E. angustifolia （0.44 kg）. Soil moisture analysis revealed that while the desert area has high infiltration but low water retention， the Gobi area suffers from strong evapotranspiration and limited infiltration， both leading to unfavorable moisture conditions for vegetation recovery. Regression models showed that H. ammodendron height followed a quadratic growth pattern over time （R²=0.97）， and canopy width expanded exponentially （R²=0.82）， with precipitation （P） and soil moisture （M） as the primary driving factors. [Conclusion] Underlying surface types significantly influence vegetation morphology and water adaptation strategies. Desert zones are more suitable for deep-rooted species， while Gobi areas require water-saving interventions to improve soil moisture retention. It is recommended that the strategy of functional zoning and stratified vegetation configuration be implemented to ecological restoration projects， with scientifically selected species and optimized irrigation regimes， to build an efficient， stable， and sustainable ecological protection system along arid-region railways.

Abstract:[Objective] The mechanisms influencing soil erosion in the forest reform areas of the Dabie Mountains were investigated， in order to provide scientific support for ecological and environmental management in this region. [Methods] A slope planted with oil tea trees in the Dabie Mountains was selected as the research abject. An in-situ rainfall testing system was independently designed with four rainfall scenarios were simulated as： light rain， moderate rain， heavy rain， and heavy rain following prolonged drought. And the rainfall tests were conducted under three vegetation coverage conditions （20%， 40%， and 60%） to analyze the variation characteristics and response relationships of key elements such as soil moisture content， runoff volume， and sediment yield. [Results] Rainfall intensity is the dominant factor affecting soil and water loss in the forest reform area of the Dabie Mountains. The vegetation erosoin-buffering threshold is breached and its protective effect was weakened when single rainfall exceeds 42 mm and intensity reaches 26 mm/h. The impact of vegetation coverage on soil erosion in the study area may exhibit diminishing marginal benefits. Under different rainfall conditions， increasing vegetation cover from 20% to 40% reduced average runoff by 31.33% and average sediment yield by 70.5%， and they decreased by 38.80% and 79.90%， respectively when vegetation cover reached 60%. The initial soil moisture content significantly influenced total soil erosion. When rainfall intensity exceeded 42 mm and reached 26 mm/h， 5%—10% reduction of initial soil moisture content resulted in average decreases of 23.86% and 20.10% in runoff and sediment yield， respectively. [Conclusion] Rainfall intensity determines the total soil and water loss on slopes in the Dabie Mountains， while vegetation coverage and initial soil moisture content exert significant influence on soil erosion in the study area.

Abstract:[Objective] The effect of composite amendments comprised of organic fertilizer （OF） and polyacrylamide （PAM） in different proportions for iron tailings remediation were investigated， in order to provide scientific insights for ecological rehabilitation. [Methods] Through laboratory soil cultivation and pot experiments， the addition ratios of organic fertilize （OF） （5%， 6%， 7%） and PAM （0.05%， 0.10%， 0.15%） were designed and the indoor physical and chemical properties were analyzed， and Cynodon dactylon was selected as a indicator pioneer plant to analyze the growth indicators of the plants in order to explore the improvement effects on iron tailings under different addition ratios of organic fertilizers and polyacrylamide. [Results] ① The addition of amendments can significantly enhance the nutrients， improve the pH value of tailings， and increase the organic matter by 71%—179% compared with the control group. ② The addition of different ratios of amendments reduced permeability coefficient （K） and improved the structure of tailings， and enhanced their water and nutrient retention capacity. ③ The addition of amendments significantly increased the germination rate of plants， with the maximum increase reaching 60%. And it promotes the growth of plant height and root length， increasing them by 140%—290% and 98%—247% respectively. [Conclusion] The addition of OF and PAM can improve the physical and chemical properties of tailings. The optimal ratio is iron tailings ∶ OF ∶ PAM=100 ∶ 6 ∶ 0.1.

Abstract:[Objective] The carbon sink function of erosion gully control projects in black soil regions were analyzed in order to provide scientific support for understanding the mechanisms by which soil erosion affects carbon sink processes. [Methods] In autumn 2024， two erosion gullies in the low mountain and hilly area of eastern Jilin Province， with different treatment years （2017 and 2022） and site conditions （forest land and cultivated land）， were selected as research objects. Their carbon sink effects were quantitatively evaluated from three aspects： soil conservation and carbon conservation， erosion reduction and emission reduction， and greening and carbon sink enhancement. Volume measurement， organic carbon content， and bulk density tests were conducted on the sediment accumulated in the gullies， and a tree-by-tree survey method was performed for trees and shrubs. [Results] ① The total amount of soil conservation， erosion and emission reduction， and greening and sink enhancement for gully I （forest land） was 1.602 0 t， including 0.564 1 t of soil and carbon conservation， 0.112 8 t of erosion and emission reduction， and 0.925 1 t of greening and carbon sink enhancement. For gully Ⅱ （cultivated land）， the total amount was 1.474 8 t， with soil conservation and carbon conservation of 1.162 0 t， erosion and emission reduction of 0.232 4 t， and greening and carbon sink enhancement of 0.080 4 t. ② In gully I， the surface soil （0—20 cm） had significantly higher organic carbon content and soil carbon conservation than the other layers （p<0.05）， indicating obvious surface accumulation， with the proportion of carbon conservation in the surface soil reaching a minimum of 42.29%. ③ The two gullies exhibited large differences in their annual average amounts of soil and carbon conservation， erosion and emission reduction， and greening and carbon sink enhancement. Treatment duration， land use type， and human activities were the main factors causing the differences in carbon sink effects. The forest erosion gully achieved efficient greening and carbon sequestration through long-term vegetation restoration， whereas the farmland erosion gully enhanced soil and carbon conservation due to cultivation disturbance. [Conclusion] Gullies in the black soil area have obvious carbon sink functions， including soil conservation and carbon conservation， erosion reduction and emission reduction， and greening and carbon sink enhancement. Through rational allocation of engineering and plant measures， the carbon sink function and the carbon sink capacity of these gullies can be significantly enhanced.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of pavement excavation on the root characteristics of four typical plants in subalpine meadows were analyzed in order to provide references for slope vegetation restoration. [Methods] Four common subalpine herbaceous plants， Potentilla fulgens， Anaphalis sinica， Plantago asiatica and Myriactis nepalensis， were selected as the research objects. The root morphology， physiological characteristics and tensile properties of different plants in the disturbed area （fill slope） and undisturbed area were measured， and the influence of pavement excavation on root characteristics was discussed. [Results] ① After pavement excavation， the root system of P. asiatica and M. nepalensis became more developed. The root length， root surface area， and root volume of them increased by 241.97% and 106.97% （p<0.05）， 233.87% and 71.03% （p<0.05）， and 174.52% and 87.07% （p<0.05）， respectively. However， it had a relatively small impact on the P. fulgens and A. sinica. ② After pavement excavation， the activity of peroxidase （POD） in P. asiatica and M. nepalensis decreased by 9.81% and 7.23% （p<0.05）， respectively. The scavenging process of hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂） was blocked， and the content of H₂O₂ increased by 8.33% and 14.71% （p<0.05）， respectively. ③ After pavement excavation， the tensile force， tensile strength and Young’s modulus of single root of plant roots did not change significantly， And the single root tensile force of P. fulgens and A. sinica was significantly greater than the other two. [Conclusion] The tolerance and tensile properties to soil disturbance of straight-rooted P. fulgens and A. sinica green to pavement excavation are stronger than those of fibrous-rooted P. asiatica and M. nepalensis， which can be preferentially selected in regional slope vegetation restoration.

Abstract:[Objective] The impact of sandy land fixation degrees on leaf-root functional traits of Reaumuria songarica shrubs was investigated in order to provide more theoretical foundations and data support for exploring plant adaptation strategies and conserving plant diversity in arid regions. [Methods] R. songarica shrubs on sandy lands with different fixation degrees in the Ordos Plateau were selected as the research object. Methods such as variance analysis and Pearson correlation were employed to investigate the functional traits of leaves and roots and analyze their nutrient content. [Results] ① Compared to those in fixed and semi-fixed sandy lands， plant leaves in mobile sandy lands exhibited a conservative strategy characterized by low succulence （2.08）， low leaf water content （51.68%）， low saturated leaf water content （57.47%）， low leaf C （34.9 g/kg）， and low leaf N （2.32 g/kg）， while the roots showed an acquisitive strategy with a wider root distribution range and higher root N content. ② Compared to semi-fixed sandy lands， the relative interaction intensity （RII） values of most indicators in mobile sandy lands were further from zero. ③ Most leaf and root functional traits were significantly correlated （p<0.05）. [Conclusion] The R. songarica shrubs exhibit a decoupling phenomenon between above-ground and below-ground traits when adapting to stressful environments， and that plant trait variations become more pronounced with increasing environmental pressure.

Abstract:[Objective] The soil and water conservation effects of urban shrub vegetation were investigated， in order to provide a scientific basis for the scientific selection of plants in urban green space planning and for the prevention and control of soil erosion. [Methods] Field runoff plot experiment with simulated rainfall were conducted to study soil and water loss characteristics of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and Euryops chrysanthemoides under six rainfall intensities and two slope gradients. All experiments were performed with ryegrass （Lolium perenne） planted beneath both shrubs. [Results] ① Soil and water loss on slopes much higher than that on flat ground. For L. chinense var. rubrum， runoff yield on slopes was 9.60—19.24 times， and sediment yield was 3.99—9.22 times than that on flat ground. For E. chrysanthemoides， runoff yield on slopes was 0.91—4.70 times， and sediment yield was 0.90—4.61 times than that on flat ground. For bare soil， runoff yield on slopes was 1.41—7.69 times， and sediment yield was 1.67—5.84 times than that on flat ground. ② Runoff and sediment yields increased with rainfall intensity， but the increase varied with vegetation type and slope gradient. ③ Vegetation effects were dependent on environmental conditions： on flat ground L. chinense var. rubrum was significantly better than E. chrysanthemoides in reducing runoff and sediment （p<0.001）， but this difference diminished on slopes or under extreme rainfall （100-year return period）. ④ The interaction between vegetation type and rainfall intensity was significant， while that between slope gradient and vegetation type was weak. However， both interactions increased soil and water loss. [Conclusion] Urban shrubs effectively conserve soil and water， but extreme rainfall （100-year return period ） diminishes their efficacy. Thus， in urban green space vegetation configuration， priority should be given to plant species with dense canopy structures and leathery leaves （e. g.， L. chinense var. rubrum） to enhance soil and water conservation under extreme rainfall and reduce the risk of soil and water loss.

Abstract:[Objective] The impact of forest fire disturbance on soil nutrients and ecological stoichiometric characteristics of Pinus yunnanensis forest was investigated in order to provide data support for soil nutrient management and vegetation restoration in regional burned areas. [Methods] This study was conducted in the Hongtashan Nature Reserve， Yuxi City， Yunnan Province， with P. yunnanensis as the study species. A combination of field experiments and laboratory analysis was applied to examine physicochemical properties and ecological stoichiometric ratios of carbon， nitrogen， and phosphorus in the 0—40 cm soil layer under different fire intensities （unburned， light burning， medium burning， and severe burning）. Difference and correlation analyses were performed. [Results] ① For different fire intensities， the soil bulk density， soil water content， and total soil porosity in the 0—40 cm layer were from 1.21 to 1.34 g/cm³， 3.82% to 5.71%， and 50.60% to 58.92%， respectively. Soil bulk density gradually increased with increasing fire intensity， while soil water content and soil total porosity decreased correspondingly. ② Fire disturbance significantly affected soil organic carbon （SOC）， total nitrogen （TN）， total phosphorus （TP）， and available nitrogen （AN） in P. yunnanensis forest （p<0.05）， but did not significantly affect soil pH value （p>0.05）. Compared to unburned plots， average soil SOC and TN contents decreased by 6.22%—19.56% and 17.86%—39.29%， respectively， while TP and AN increased by 2.82%—40.85% and 22.07%—173.28%， respectively， under different fire intensities. ③ Fire disturbance significantly affected the C/N， C/P and N/P ratios in P. yunnanensis forest （p<0.05）. Compared to unburned plots， the average soil C/N ratio increased by 14.05%—31.24%， and the average soil C/P and N/P ratios decreased by 48.70%—75.82% and 57.81%—84.32%， respectively， under different fire intensities. ④ Soil C/N was extremely significantly positively correlated with SOC， and extremely significantly or significantly positively correlated with total soil porosity （STP）. Soil N/P was extremely significantly or significantly negatively correlated with soil TP. [Conclusion] Fire disturbance alters soil physicochemical properties， with effects particularly significant under severe fire disturbance.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of prescribed burning on the root system and the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of carbon， nitrogen， and phosphorus in Pinus yunnanensis were investigated in order to provide a scientific basis for determining prescribed burning cycles and root nutrient management in forests. [Methods] The study was conducted in a burned area one year after prescribed burning at Zhaobi Mountain， Xinping County， Yuxi City， Yunnan Province. The root systems of P. yunnanensis were collected from an unburned control plot （UB） and a prescribed burning plot （PB）. Changes in live root biomass （B）， morphological distribution， root organic carbon （ROC）， root total nitrogen （RTN）， root total phosphorus （RTP）， and their ecological stoichiometric characteristics were analyzed. [Results] ① One year after burning， root biomass （B） of P. yunnanensis across different diameter classes ranged from 7.553 to 288.368 g/m² and was 6.9%—21.5% lower than that in UB within the 0—20 cm soil layer. Fine root biomass density （RBD）， root length density （RLD）， and root surface area density （SAD） decreased by 0.5%—21.5% in the 0—20 cm soil layer one year after burning. In contrast， specific root length （SRL） and specific surface area （SSA） of fine and medium roots increased by 4.1%—21.5% in the same soil layer. ② One year after burning， the ROC， RTN， and RTP contents of fine and medium roots ranged from 335.87 to 492.8 g/kg， 1.934 to 5.724 g/kg， and 0.793 to 1.154 g/kg， respectively. These values increased by 2.19%—38.35% in the 0—10 cm soil layer. The root C∶N （RC∶N） ratios of absorbing and transporting roots ranged from 58.646 to 140.45 g/kg， while root C∶P （RC∶P） ratios ranged from 299.336 to 422.846 g/kg. Both ratios decreased significantly by 29.57%—39.35% in 10—20 cm soil layer （p<0.05）. The root N∶P （RN∶P） ratios across all diameter classes were below 14， suggesting potential N limitation. ③ Correlation analysis revealed that under PB conditions， SRL， SSA， RLD， RTN， RTP， and RN∶P exhibited extremely significant positive correlations （p<0.001）， while B， RBD， ROC， RC∶P， and RC∶N also showed extremely significant positive correlations （p<0.001）. [Conclusion] Following prescribed burning， P. yunnanensis responds to fire disturbance by synergistically enhancing the morphological plasticity of fine roots for efficient nutrient acquisition and increasing the structural support provided by coarse roots， thereby adapting to the post-fire recovery environment through adjustments in both morphological and stoichiometric characteristics.

Abstract:[Objective] The influence of different gradients of wood fiber addition on the shear resistance of the waste soil at waste disposal site was analyzed， in order to provide data support for the improvement of the waste soil and the prevention and control of soil erosion at waste disposal site. [Methods] Taking the waste soil from the Xinpu village waste dump in the Chuxiong section of the Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project as the research object and using wood fiber as an additive， soil culture experiments were conducted by setting four gradient treatments of 0 （CK）， 1% （ML）， 3% （MM）， and 6% （MH） according to the mass ratio of wood fiber to waste soil. The cohesion and internal friction Angle of the improved waste soil under different gradients were obtained by the direct shear test. The influence of different gradients of wood fiber addition on the shear strength of waste soil at waste disposal site was systematically studied. [Results] ① The shear strength of the waste soil was significantly enhanced after the addition of wood fibers. Moreover， the improvement effect of the shear strength of the ML treatment compared with the control was the best under vertical stresses of 50， 100， 200 and 300 kPa， increasing by 51.22%， 64.93%， 71.25% and 70.35%， respectively. The greatest increase was under the vertical stress condition of 200 kPa. ② Adding wood fibers effectively enhanced the shear strength of waste soil. With the increase of the wood fiber gradient， both the cohesion and internal friction angle of the waste soil showed a changing trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Among them， under ML treatment， the cohesion and internal friction angle of the waste soil were both the largest， increasing by 53.56% and 77.11% respectively compared with the control. The cohesion of the waste soil under the MM and MH treatments increased by 48.67% and 11.41% respectively compared with the CK treatment. ③ Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the physical and chemical properties of the waste soil after the addition of wood fibers were closely related to the shear resistance performance. Through factor analysis， it was found that the addition of wood fibers mainly affects the shear strength parameters by influencing the soil bulk density， organic matter， field water holding capacity， saturated water holding capacity and capillary water holding capacity. [Conclusion] The addition of wood fibers enhances the shear strength characteristics of the waste soil in the waste dump. The addition of 1% wood fiber is most beneficial for enhancing the shear strength of waste soil. However， due to the differences between the actual engineering application and the soil culture test research， the applicable amount of wood fiber addition should be adopted simultaneously in combination with conditions such as vertical stress.

Abstract:[Objective] The soil erosion resistance and the soil erosion processes in the arid valley region of southeastern Xizang under different rainfall conditions were simulated to provide a scientific reference for soil erosion prevention and control and ecological protection in this area. [Methods] Artificial rainfall simulation experiments were conducted with two rainfall intensities （30 and 60 mm/h） and three slope gradients （20°， 30°， and 40°）. The dynamics of runoff and sediment yield on the slopes were systematically analyzed to reveal the mechanism of the soil erosion process on slopes in the arid valley region. [Results] Soil aggregates on the slopes in the arid valley region of southeastern Xizang were predominantly large particles （>2 mm）. The soil cohesion was 18.39 kPa， and the internal friction angle is 24.7°， indicating a certain potential for erosion resistance in the region’s soil. The structural stability of the soil in this arid valley region primarily depended on the composition of aggregates and their mechanical properties. Under 60 mm/h rainfall intensity， the initial runoff generation time on the 40° slope was shortened by 44% compared to that under 30 mm/h intensity， indicating that the combination of steep slopes and heavy rainfall significantly accelerates surface runoff formation in this area. As slope gradient and rainfall intensity increased， both the total runoff yield and runoff rate on the slopes increased significantly. Regarding the sediment yield process on slopes in the arid valley region of southeastern Xizang， compared to the 30 mm/h rainfall intensity， the 30-minute cumulative sediment yield on 20°， 30°， and 40° slopes under the 60 mm/h intensity increased by 195.9%， 232.5%， and 282.0%， respectively. Under different rainfall intensities， the variations in sediment yield and sediment yield rate for the same slope type vary greatly. [Conclusion] Although the soils in the arid valley region of southeastern Xizang possess a stable structure and good erosion resistance， the combined effect of steep slopes and heavy rainfall is the key trigger for severe soil and water loss. Targeted measures need to be taken to reduce runoff and protect the surface.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of different types of land being converted into cultivated land on soil nutrients were analyzed， in order to provide the theoretical basis for the improvement of soil nutrient status of newly cultivated land. [Methods] Taking the newly added cultivated land turned from different types of land （rural homesteads， shrub woodland， arbor woodland， funeral land， and other grasslands） in Funing County as a sample land， and dryland as the control， a crop planting experiment was carried out， the planting crop was Huimin 380 corn， and the sample plots were uniformly managed during the experiment. By measuring the soil nitrogen， phosphorus， potassium， organic matter and pH value of cultivated land， to investigate the impact of different types of land being converted into cultivated land on soil nutrients. [Results] The total nitrogen content of the soil was 548—1251.83 mg/kg， the available phosphorus content was 0.46—6.67 mg/kg， respectively. the available potassium content was 97.67—209.33 mg/kg， the organic matter content was 8.14—26.83 g/kg， and the pH value was 4.6—7.7. There were significant differences in soil nutrients between different use types of land converted to new cultivated land （p<0.05）. The total nitrogen and organic matter content of cultivated land converted from rural homesteads was the highest， and it belonged to neutral soil. The available potassium content of cultivated land converted from shrub was the highest， and the nutrient indexes of soil of new cultivated land converted from grassland was the lowest. The comprehensive soil fertility index （IFI） of the dryland control in the study area was higher （IFI=0.73 > 0.5）， and the soil comprehensive fertility index of the newly added cultivated land was low （mean IFI=0.382<0.5）. Soil pH value was a limiting factor of soil fertility in the study area. There was a deficiency of nitrogen， phosphorus and organic matter in the newly cultivated soil， especially the soil available phosphorus content was only 0.7%~9.7% of that of dryland control. [Conclusion] The overall nutrient content of the newly added cultivated land was low， and the contents of total nitrogen， available phosphorus and organic matter were significantly lower than those of the dryland control. There were significant differences in soil nutrients between different use types of land converted to new cultivated land， and the nutrient indexes of new cultivated land converted from grassland was the lowest. Improving soil pH value and available phosphorus content are the keys to improving the soil quality of newly added cultivated land. The method of organic fertilizer combined with phosphorus fertilizer is a feasible strategy to improve the nutrient status of new cultivated land in the study area.

Abstract:[Objective] A practical path for building a nationally unified， efficient， and secure smart soil and water conservation system was explored， and the construction tasks of digital China and the smart water conservancy were implemented， in order to provide a basis for advancing the digital and intelligent development of soil and water conservation practices. [Methods] The evolution of informatization in soil and water conservation and its existing foundation were systematically reviewed， and the key challenges currently hindering the development of new quality productive forces in information management and application were analyzed and summarized. These challenges included insufficient integration of information systems， low levels of intelligent applications， poor data sharing mechanisms， weak infrastructure， and an incomplete data resource system. [Results] Based on the top-level design of smart water conservancy， a comprehensive framework was constructed， integrating： ① a technical， data， network， and security architecture based on the Internet of Things （IoT） perception networks， data platform， model platforms， and knowledge platforms； ② demonstration applications across eight operational directions， including the digital portal for soil and water conservation， integrated visualization of soil and water conservation， forecasting and early warning of soil erosion conditions， risk early warning of human-induced soil erosion， intelligent management of comprehensive soil erosion control， refined management of planning implementation process， creation of demonstration projects for soil and water conservation， and public services； ③ full-process digital twin-based operational information management and application solutions for soil and water conservation supervision， encompassing data collection， convergence and governance， intelligent analysis， visualization， and decision-making support. [Conclusion] Under new historical conditions and technological context， and in line with management needs， smart soil and water conservation inevitably evolves toward refined， personalized， practical， and intelligent development in statistics and decision-making. It forms an open and coordinated ecosystem characterized by ‘demand co-consultation， technology co-research， and scenario co-construction’， effectively enhancing the value of soil and water conservation data assets and driving modernization through informatization.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial distribution patterns， dynamic changes， and soil erosion characteristics of human-disturbed land in the Pearl River basin from 2019 to 2024 were systematically analyzed， and the effectiveness of soil and water conservation regulation was evaluated， in order to provide a scientific basis for the ecological management and high-quality development of the basin. [Methods] Based on domestic high-resolution satellite images with 2-meter resolution from 2019 to 2024 and field surveys， combined with GIS spatial analysis， slope extraction， landscape pattern index calculation， and semi-quantitative rules， this study systematically interpreted the activity signs， coverage status， soil and water conservation measures， and project types of human-disturbed patches， and quantitatively evaluated erosion intensity and spatial patterns. [Results] ① In 2024， the area of human-disturbed land in the Pearl River basin was 5 554.16 km²， with the soil erosion area being 3 388.75 km²， accounting for 61.01% of the total area of human-disturbed land. ② The spatial distribution showed an ‘upstream-downstream dual-core agglomeration’ pattern， with Guangdong and Guangxi provinces accounting for 75.03%. ③ The fragmentation degree increased continuously. In the downstream areas， the patch density （PD） reached 82.75 patches/km²， and the mean patch size （MPS） was 0.012 1 km². ④ The regulatory effectiveness was remarkable. Although the area of human-disturbed land increased over six years， the proportion of land with soil erosion decreased from 91.05% in 2019 to 61.01%， and the proportion of land with strong and higher-intensity erosion decreased by 9.45%. [Conclusion] The regulation of human disturbance in the Pearl River Basin achieves remarkable results in controlling soil erosion. However， the number of disturbed patches continues to grow and the degree of fragmentation increases， which increases the difficulty of governance and regulation. Therefore， this study proposes countermeasures such as implementing classified and precise control， strengthening high-frequency remote sensing monitoring and technical means， and promoting multi-sectoral coordinated governance， so as to improve the basin’s capacity for soil erosion prevention and control and support the realization of regional ecological security and high-quality development goals.

Abstract:[Objective] The fragile and complex of the land ecological environment in the Loess Plateau region of central and eastern Gansu Province were analyzed， and the land ecological security was evaluated and diagnosed， in order to provide a theoretical basis for the ecological management of the Loess Plateau region. [Methods] Taking the seven cities and prefectures in the Loess Plateau of central and eastern Gansu Province as the research units， a land ecological security evaluation indicator system was constructed based on the pressure-state-response （PSR） model. The TOPSIS method， entropy weight method， and obstacle factor diagnosis were then employed to investigate the land ecological security status and influencing factors from 2010 to 2022. [Results] ① Overall， the land ecological security level of the study area showed an upward trend. The land ecological security level of the region was Ⅳ in 2010 and 2011， and remained at Ⅲ in the period of 2012—2022. Spatially and temporally， the land ecological security level of Lanzhou City improved to Ⅱ in 2010—2022， and Linxia Prefecture， Dingxi City， and Tianshui City successively increased to Ⅲ， showing a pattern of high security in the west and low in the east. ② At the criterion level， the security evaluation levels of the pressure and state systems both upgraded from Ⅳ to Ⅲ from 2010 to 2022， while the response system consistently remained at Ⅲ. ③ The main obstacle factors were per-unit fixed asset investment， water yield modulus， per-unit output value of secondary and tertiary industries， proportion of effective irrigated area， and per capita GDP. In addition， the obstacle degrees of population density and land use rate increased year by year， and their effects on land ecological security could not be ignored. [Conclusion] The land ecological security level in the Loess Plateau of central and eastern Gansu Province generally shows an upward trend， but remains in a long-term “critical security” state. To further enhance the regional land ecological security level， attention should be given to issues such as soil and water conservation， optimization of industrial structure， and intensive land use. While promoting economic development， ecological protection and restoration should continue to be strengthened.

Abstract:[Objective] The non-stationary hydrological series and rainfall-runoff relationship in the main stream area of the Huangshui River under the background of human activities and climate change were investigated， and the contributions of climate change and human activities to runoff variation were quantitatively assessed， in order to provide a scientific basis for ecological protection， high-quality development， and optimal allocation of water resources in the river basin. [Methods] Based on daily hydro-meteorological data from 1970 to 2022， the trend， abrupt change， and periodic characteristics of hydro-meteorological elements were systematically analyzed using methods such as the Mann-Kendall trend test， Pettitt change-point test， and wavelet analysis. On this basis， the Simple HYDROLOG （SIMHYD） model was used to simulate daily runoff process in the river basin， and a runoff evolution attribution quantification scheme was constructed to evaluate the contributions of climate change and human activities to runoff variation in different periods. [Results] The annual runoff series of the Huangshui River showed distinct phased fluctuations， and the overall trend was not significant （p>0.05）. The annual runoff at Xining station decreased by 11.95%， 12.41%， and 12.09% in three periods （1991—2000， 2001—2010， and 2011—2022） compared with the baseline period （1970—1990）， among which the contribution rates of human activities were 32.0%， 198.4%， and 328.6%， respectively. The annual runoff at Minhe station changed by -16.99%， -9.48%， and +18.77% in the same periods， and the contribution rates of human activities were 67.13%， -136.37%， and 177.96%， respectively. [Conclusion] The average contribution rate of human activities to runoff variation of the Huangshui River exceeds 65%， and notably surpasses 100% after 2000， indicating that human activities have become the primary driving factor of runoff variation. Climate change has a positive effect on runoff recovery in some periods， but its overall influence is secondary to that of human activities.

Abstract:[Objective] Soil erosion patterns in different typical regions in Fujian Province were investigated under the combined effects of multiple factors such as topography and geomorphology， vegetation coverage， and land use， in order to provide a scientific basis and practical guidance for soil erosion control and high-quality development in this region. [Methods] Based on 2 m high-resolution remote sensing images， land use interpretation was conducted for four typical regions of Fujian Province， namely northwest Fujian， northeast Fujian， southwest Fujian， and southeast Fujian. The Chinese soil loss equation model was used to calculate soil erosion in 2024， and a comparative analysis was carried out based on influencing factors such as land use type， elevation， slope， and vegetation coverage， thereby clarifying the soil erosion characteristics of different regions in Fujian Province. [Results] ① The results showed that forest land accounted for the largest proportion of the total land area in Fujian Province （73.36%）， while its soil erosion ratio was relatively low （5.51%）. In contrast， the areas of garden plots， grassland， and construction land accounted for smaller proportions of the total land area， but their soil erosion ratios were relatively high （16.98%—21.54%）. ② The elevation of various regions in Fujian Province was mainly below 1 000 m， with soil erosion ratios ranging from 5.15% to 9.18%. Among them， the soil erosion ratio in the southeast Fujian region increased significantly above 1 200 m. The average slope of all regions in the province was below 20°， with the southeast Fujian region exhibiting the lowest average slope of 14.87°. Across the province， 87.85%—93.91% of the soil erosion area occurred in regions with slopes ≤ 35°. ③ Overall， the soil erosion area in various regions generally showed an increasing trend with increasing vegetation coverage. In addition， the erosion ratio of forest land gradually decreased as vegetation coverage increased， while the erosion ratio of garden plots gradually decreased in most regions， except in the southeast Fujian region， where it increased with increasing vegetation coverage. [Conclusion] The soil erosion characteristics of different land use types in Fujian Province are affected by multiple factors， such as slope， elevation， and vegetation coverage. In particular， it is necessary to strengthen the soil erosion control of garden plots， grassland， and construction land， and different regions need to carry out targeted control based on specific soil erosion characteristics.

Abstract:[Objective] The multi-layer turf stacking techniques after turf stripping and key techniques for turf replanting on disturbed sites were investigated， in order to provide a scientific basis and technical support for alpine meadow conservation and engineering surface restoration. [Methods] Taking the summit alpine meadow of La’u Mountain at Mangkang County， Xizang Autonomous Region as the study site， artificial turf stripping， stacking with 2—5 layers， and turf replanting experiments were conducted. Turf preservation rates during stacking， survival rates after replanting， and plant species composition across different stacking layers and periods were compared， and key technical points of turf stripping， stacking， and replanting were analyzed. [Results] The overall preservation rate of stacked turf was 96.89%， and it increased significantly when more than two layers were stacked. The overall survival rate after turf replanting was 87.96%， with no significant difference among different stacking layers. Turf stacking reduced species diversity and simplified community structure. After replanting， species diversity gradually recovered to a level similar to that of the native vegetation. Considering spatial efficiency and survival rate， this study recommended stacking turf in five layers. [Conclusion] In alpine meadows， replanting after turf stripping is an effective measure for vegetation restoration. It is recommended to use a stacking method of five layers.

Abstract:[Objective] Soil erosion patches on sloping farmland in the high mountain and canyon region of southwest China were mapped， and their conservation suitability was evaluated in order to provide scientific data support and a decision-making basis for task decomposition， planning formulation， and engineering layout of soil erosion control in this region. [Methods] Taking Meigu County， a typical area with severe soil erosion on sloping farmland in the high mountain and canyon region of southwest China， as an example， a method to identify soil erosion patches under complex topographic conditions was established based on remote sensing monitoring. The conservation suitability of these patches was evaluated from two dimensions： natural suitability and locational suitability. [Results] ① In Meigu County， the soil erosion area on sloping farmland accounted for 88.96% of the total sloping farmland area. On slopes steeper than 15°， the proportion of soil erosion exceeded 95%. ② High-intensity erosion was prominent， accounting for 38.11% of the total soil erosion area on sloping farmland， and was mainly concentrated on slopes steeper than 15°. ③ A total of 2.10×10⁴ soil erosion patches on sloping farmland were identified. Among these， 57.53% had a high-intensity erosion proportion exceeding 50%， making them key targets for conservation. ④ The area proportions of soil erosion patches classified as highly suitable， moderately suitable， lowly suitable， and unsuitable for treatment were 19.72%， 66.36%， 13.50%， and 0.42%， respectively. The highly suitable patches were primarily distributed on slopes below 20° and were characterized by mild erosion intensity， making them priority areas for achieving the goals of ‘reducing erosion area and downgrading erosion intensity’. [Conclusion] The spatial distribution characteristics of typical severe soil erosion areas on sloping farmland are clarified， and priority areas for conservation are identified. The area proportion of patches with moderate suitability or higher reaches 86.08%， indicating considerable overall potential for soil and water conservation in the region.

Abstract:[Objective] The extent and mechanisms of terrace erosion caused by an extreme rainstorm event across different regions of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region were analyzed， in order to provide a scientific basis for optimizing terrace design and enhancing soil and water conservation. [Methods] Based on the spatial heterogeneity of precipitation， a survey transect was established along the rainstorm belt from southern to northern Ningxia. Focusing on nine small watersheds affected by the large-scale extreme rainstorm event in Ningxia in 2024， remote sensing interpretation， field measurements， and on-site surveys were used to analyze the spatial distribution patterns of different terrace erosion types （such as gully erosion and embankment collapse）. Erosion volume was quantitatively assessed， and driving factors of erosion （rainfall intensity， terrace-ridge gradient， ridge integrity， and topographic factors） were explored. [Results] In the study area， the dominant terrace erosion types were gully erosion， collapse， and rill erosion. Terrace erosion was concentrated within the terrace sequences located on the lower 30% of the entire slopes. Erosion volume varied among terrace types due to differences in design standards and maintenance quality， with older and slope-style terraces experiencing more severe erosion. Terrace erosion intensity showed distinct regional variations across the watersheds， with the Zhaoming watershed in Jingyuan County showing the highest erosion intensity （7 080 t/km²） and Tongxin County the lowest （41.41 t/km²）. The Shuijinggou watershed in Tongxin County had the highest soil conservation capacity （3.48×10⁴ t/km²）. [Conclusion] Terrace erosion is influenced by the combined effects of topography， hydrology， and engineering practices. The spatial variation in erosion intensity and soil conservation capacity is directly driven by natural factors and indirectly modulated by engineering practices （e.g.， terrace-ridge gradient， ridge maintenance）. Standardized ridge engineering combined with vegetative buffer strips can enhance the erosion resistance of terraces.

Abstract:[Objective] The erosion conditions of production roads in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region under heavy rainstorm conditions were investigated， in order to provide a scientific basis for regional soil erosion control and high-quality development. [Methods] Based on remote sensing images and meteorological data， 17 small watersheds in 9 counties were determined as field survey areas， and 25% of earthen roads were selected in each watershed. Methods such as UAV （unmanned aerial vehicle） aerial photography and RTK （real-time kinematic） measurement were employed， combined with the cross-section method to determine the road erosion intensity. [Results] The surveyed area was dominated by loess roadbeds （156 road sections， with a total length of sampled sections of 9.01 km）. The average width and depth of road erosion gullies were 0.20—0.76 m and 0.09—0.37 m， respectively， the width-to-depth ratio of erosion was 1.40—4.11， the road slope gradient ranged from 1.84° to 10.11°， and the soil bulk density was 0.94—1.71 kg/m³. The surveyed roads were dominated by moderate erosion （44.87%）. The most severe erosion occurred in Yuanzhou District of Guyuan City and Tongxin County， where the road erosion intensity was predominantly classified as ‘moderate erosion’ and ‘moderate + severe erosion’， respectively. The corresponding average erosion gully densities were 19.80 m/m² and 43.37 m/m²， both indicating that the widening rate of road erosion was higher than the downcutting rate. Analysis of the causes of road erosion showed that road surface conditions and land use types on both sides were the most important factors affecting road erosion， with direct contribution rates of 9.39% and 9.00%， respectively. In addition， the interaction between factors significantly affected road erosion. [Conclusion] Under intense rainstorm events， existing production roads in small watersheds have weak soil and water conservation capacity and are prone to erosion. It is urgently necessary to promote site-specific technologies combining vegetative buffer strips and drainage facilities to alleviate the severe regional road erosion problems， thereby reducing the risk of soil erosion and ensuring the ecological security and regional sustainable development of the Loess Plateau.

Abstract:[Objective] The characteristics and driving factors of runoff-sediment variations in the Shule River basin were analyzed in order to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of water resources and ecological conservation in the basin. [Methods] Measured runoff， sediment transport， and precipitation data spanning from the time of built station to nearly 70 years by 2023 were collected from three representative hydrological stations-Changmabao and Panjiazhuang on the Shule River main stream， and Dangchengwan on the Dang River-together with meteorological data from three nearby meteorological stations （Jiuquan， Yumen， and Subei）. Methods such as mathematical statistics， the Mann-Kendall non-parametric test， and Bayesian analysis were applied to analyze the variation characteristics of the runoff-sediment relationship in the Shule River basin. In addition， regression analysis and the cumulative slope change rate method were used to quantify the impacts of climate change and human activities on variations in runoff and sediment transport. [Results] Runoff and sediment transport in the Shule River basin were unevenly distributed at both intra-annual and interannual scales， exhibiting pronounced spatiotemporal variability. Runoff at all three hydrological stations showed a significant increasing trend. Sediment transport at Changmabao station increased significantly， while no significant trends were observed at Panjiazhuang and Dangchengwan stations. [Conclusion] Climate change is the primary factor influencing the variations in runoff and sediment transport in the upper reaches of the Shule River main stream and the upper reaches of its tributary， the Dang River. Specifically， the runoff and sediment transport processes at the Changmabao station in the upper reaches of the Shule River main stream are driven by the combined effects of precipitation， temperature， and human activities. Precipitation variation is the dominant factor affecting the variations in runoff and sediment transport at the Dangchengwan station in the upper reaches of the Dang River. Human activities are the main driving force influencing runoff and sediment transport at the Panjiazhuang station in the middle reaches of the Shule River main stream， and their influence continues to increase with the intensification of human activities.

Abstract:[Objective] The impact of different evaluation units （grid units and slope units） on the accuracy and reliability of regional landslide susceptibility assessment was explored in order to provide a scientific basis for landslide risk management and disaster prevention and mitigation planning. [Methods] Taking the Huangshui River basin in Ledu District， Qinghai Province as the study area， 12 influencing factors such as slope， aspect， and terrain relief were selected to construct a geospatial database. The random forest model was used to establish landslide susceptibility assessment models based on grid units and slope units， respectively， with parameters optimized through grid search. The prediction accuracy， factor importance， and susceptibility zoning effects of the two unit-based models were compared using the confusion matrix， ROC curve， and landslide frequency ratio analysis. [Results] ① Annual rainfall was the primary controlling factor for both unit types， but the importance ranking of the remaining factors showed significant differences， reflecting the scale effect of spatial division methods. ② The random forest model performed well under both unit types （slope unit AUC=0.905， grid unit AUC=0.838）， with slope units outperforming grid units in indicators such as accuracy， recall， and F₁ score. ③ The susceptibility zoning results indicated that grid units exhibited stronger clustering of disaster points in high-risk areas， making them more suitable for engineering management or detailed planning. Slope units achieved better overall accuracy， facilitating regional management. [Conclusion] Slope units show greater advantages in overall model accuracy， making them suitable for regional disaster prevention management， while grid units perform better in fine-scale assessment of high-risk areas， making them applicable for engineering management， and capable of promoting the refined implementation of disaster prevention and mitigation planning.

Abstract:[Objective] An anomaly detection model was anstructed based on historical warning experience and sensor monitoring data to address the issues of false alarms and omissions in monitoring and early warning operations， in order to provide a scientific support for reducing the risk of false alarms in geological disaster early warnings. [Methods] Using time-series data from landslide crack meters as an example， an anomaly detection model integrating irregular time feature encoding with a multilayer perceptron hybrid module （MLP-Mixer） was proposed. Through multi-task learning and knowledge distillation mechanisms， knowledge from anomaly detection tasks guided by expert judgment labels was distilled into precursor perception tasks， thereby fully utilizing historical early warning experience and the implicit disaster dynamics information in irregular time-series data to improve anomaly detection accuracy. [Results] The experimental results showed that the proposed method outperformed baseline models on the given dataset， achieving optimal performance in precision （80.36%）， recall （95.41%）， F₁ score （87.24%）， and area under the ROC curve （87.20%）. [Conclusion] The model’s comprehensive advantages in recall and precision effectively reduce the risk of missed alarms and can be used to automatically filter false alarm signals， thereby improving the efficiency and reliability of early warning.

Abstract:[Objective] The effectiveness of elevating photovoltaic panel installation height in mitigating wind erosion and deposition by suppressing the Venturi effect was investigated， in order to provide a scientific basis for protecting native vegetation in desert regions and for renewable energy development in arid desert areas. [Methods] A combined approach of numerical simulation and field observations was employed to examine the influence of key parameters-including inflow wind speed， photovoltaic panel installation height， and array layout configuration-on wind field characteristics around the array. [Results] Data validation results showed that the maximum relative error between numerical simulation results and measured wind speeds was only 7%， demonstrating the reliability and accuracy of the research methodology. ① When airflow passed through the photovoltaic array， a deceleration zone formed on the windward side of the front row panels， while wind speeds on the leeward side and panel tops increased significantly， creating localized high-speed zones near the ground. In multi-row arrays， downstream wind speeds gradually decreased due to blocking by upstream rows， with alternating low-speed zones and vortex regions forming between panels， resulting in overall wind speed reduction. ② Leeward vortex intensity was the strongest behind the first row and decreased behind the second row. As incoming wind speed and installation height increased， vortex intensity initially intensified before stabilizing. ③ Double vortex structures formed both between the third-row panels and on their leeward side. Vortex intensity between panels was significantly higher than on the leeward side， exhibiting counterclockwise and clockwise rotation patterns， respectively. As wind speed and installation height increased， the vortex area expanded， with intensity first increasing and then stabilizing. ④ Increased wind speed significantly elevated sand particle volume fraction and expanded its influence zone. Increasing installation height improved airflow circulation beneath panels， reducing accumulation near panels， while adding array rows broadened the sand particle influence zone. Vortex interactions in multi-row structures further exacerbated particle dispersion and uneven distribution. [Conclusion] Increasing wind speed is the primary driver for enhancing sand particle volume fraction and diffusion range. Elevating installation height provides a critical pathway for airflow circulation beneath panels， thereby promoting transport and reducing accumulation. Meanwhile， increasing the number of array rows significantly expands the influence range through vortex interaction as the core mechanism， resulting in more uneven sand particle distribution.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial heterogeneity patterns of soil particle size and erodibility （K） in the Yulin-Shenmu-Fugu region （Yushenfu） coal mining areas and their driving mechanisms were analyzed， in order to provide a theoretical basis for differentiated ecological restoration in mining areas. [Methods] Seven typical coal mining areas along a north-south gradient in the Yushenfu coal mining area， along with the Hongjiannao Nature Reserve as a control area， were selected. By integrating measured data from 0—200 cm soil profiles and remote sensing data， this study systematically analyzed the spatial distribution patterns of fractal dimension and K value， as well as their influencing factors. [Results] ① Soil particle size and K value showed a distribution pattern of ‘southern part < northern part’ and ‘sandy grassland < loess hilly region’. In the southern aeolian sand region， the proportion of sand particles exceeded 85%， the fractal dimension was as low as 2.18—2.22， and the K value was lowest at 0.25—0.28. In the central and northern loess hilly regions， the proportions of clay and silt particles increased， the fractal dimension rose to 2.32—2.35， and the K value increased to 0.26—0.32. ② Erosion dynamics showed differentiated driving effects： the wind erosion modulus was significantly negatively correlated with the soil fractal dimension （p<0.05）， as wind erosion preferentially transported fine particles， leading to soil coarsening and reduced erodibility. The water erosion modulus showed a significant positive correlation with the contents of silt， sand， total phosphorus， and total potassium （p<0.05）， with its high-value areas mostly distributed in the loessal soil zone， indicating the synergistic transport of fine particles and nutrients by water erosion. ③ The regulation of environmental factors followed a parent material-dominated sequence， with parent material accounting for 45.9% of the explanatory contribution， followed by moisture content （12%）， vegetation cover （2.1%）， and slope factor （1.8%）. The impact of coal mining disturbance on particle size and K value at the regional scale did not reach significant levels， as its effects were effectively buffered by the self-repair capacity of surface sandy soil and the ‘simultaneous mining and restoration’ strategy. [Conclusion] The spatial heterogeneity of soil particle size and erodibility in the Yushenfu coal mining areas is primarily controlled by the coupling effect of parent material and erosion dynamics. The impact of mining disturbance is mitigated at the macro-scale by natural and artificial restoration mechanisms. Based on this， it is recommended that the wind erosion-dominated southern area should adopt sand fixation-focused management strategies， while the central and northern area with mixed water and wind erosion should prioritize vegetation restoration and surface cover.

Abstract:[Objective] The evolution of land use and its impact on carbon storage were investigated， in order to provide a scientific basis for maintaining regional carbon balance and improving regional carbon storage. [Methods] The PLUS-InVEST model was employed to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of carbon storage in Leshan City from 2000 to 2020. The carbon storage under the natural development scenario and the ecological protection scenario in 2030 was predicted. Finally， the center-of-gravity shift model was used to explore the spatial variation of the center of gravity of carbon storage. [Results] ① From 2000 to 2020， carbon storage in the city showed an increasing trend， with a total increase of 2.33×10⁶ t. The contributions of different land use types to carbon storage were ranked as follows： forest land > construction land > water bodies > grassland > unused land > cultivated land. ② In 2030， carbon storage under both scenarios was projected to show an increasing trend. Specifically， it was expected to increase by 2.43×10⁶ t under the natural development scenario and by 2.58×10⁶ t under the ecological protection scenario. ③ Over the past 20 years， the center of gravity of carbon storage in the city shifted westward by 3 121.86 m， with the movement occurring within the Shawan District. Under the natural development and ecological protection scenarios， the center of gravity of carbon storage moved within the Shawan District， shifting 1 236.62 m to the southeastward and 4 226.55 m to the northeastward， respectively. [Conclusion] Land use change and carbon storage change are consistent， and land types with strong carbon sequestration capacity have a significant impact on carbon storage. Regional ecological environmental protection can be achieved by controlling the transfer of these land types.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of farmland transfer levels in China were analyzed， in order to provide scientific references for ensuring grain security and achieving agricultural modernization. [Methods] Based on farmland transfer data in China from 2009 to 2023， spatial analysis and the geodetector were used to accurately identify the spatiotemporal distribution， clustering characteristics， and influencing factors of farmland transfer levels and effectiveness. [Results] ① There was distinct spatial differentiation of farmland transfer in China， showing a decreasing trend in the order of “major grain consumption areas > major grain-producing areas > grain production-consumption balanced areas”. However， the differences in farmland transfer between major grain consumption areas and major grain-producing areas tended to narrow， indicating a reduction in imbalance. The promotional effect of farmland transfer on moderate-scale operation and grain production level was limited， and moderate-scale operation and grain production level showed stage-specific and regional characteristics. ② The farmland transfer rate exhibited spatial clustering. High-value clustering areas were mainly concentrated in southeastern China and extended to the central region， while low-value clustering areas moved to the northwestern region and then gradually expanded to the southwestern region. ③ The urban-rural income gap was the dominant factor in the spatiotemporal differentiation of farmland transfer， and the interaction between grain yield per unit area and the urban-rural income gap was the strongest. The spatiotemporal differentiation of farmland transfer resulted from the combined effects of factors such as farmland endowment， economy， agricultural resource support， and market environment. [Conclusion] Farmland transfer in China exhibits regional differences， and its evolution patterns are influenced by farmland endowment and human activities. In the future， it is necessary to further improve the moderate-scale operation level and grain production level to promote agricultural modernization.

Abstract:[Objective] A quantitative scientific assessment of the value of ecological products in the Nanling Ethnic Corridor was conducted in order to provide a scientific basis for promoting the coordinated and sustainable development of regional ecology， culture， and economy. [Methods] Based on the three-dimensional classification framework of ‘supply-regulation-culture’， a targeted value accounting indicator system was constructed. The ecosystem service value assessment method， geographic information system （GIS）， and remote sensing technology were comprehensively applied to calculate the value of regional ecological products from 2010 to 2023. The temporal evolution patterns were revealed through trend analysis and abrupt change monitoring， and the spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics and driving mechanisms of the value of regional ecological products were clarified. [Results] ① In terms of temporal evolution， the overall value of regional ecological products showed a steady growth trend. However， significant differentiation was observed in the growth rates of its internal components， and periodic fluctuations occurred due to external shocks. Regarding spatial distribution， the value distribution exhibited prominent heterogeneity， with an overall pattern of ‘higher in the east and west， lower in the middle’ overlaid with service types. The driving factors were highly correlated with topography， geomorphology， ethnic culture， and policy incentives. ② In terms of structural characteristics， the composition of ecological product value demonstrated both stability and functional adaptability， aligning closely with the regional positioning of ‘ecological barrier + ethnic culture’. [Conclusion] To improve the conversion efficiency， it is necessary to construct a regionally adaptive accounting system that incorporates the dimension of ethnic cultural characteristics， innovate the ‘ecology+culture’ synergistic conversion mechanism to promote the integrated development of conservation and ethnic economy， and develop a cross-regional coordinated governance framework to strengthen the ‘culture+ecology’ consensus among multiple stakeholders.

Abstract:[Objective] The comprehensive evaluation index were calculated by the the HF-WFPPSIM （hesitant fuzzy weighted full permutation polygon synthetic indicator method） for the mountain-river-forest-farmland-lake （MRFFL） system in the Dianchi Lake basin， Yunnan Province， from 2016 to 2024. The coupling coordination relationships among subsystems and the overall system were systematically quantified by integrating an adapted coupling coordination degree （CCD） model， in order to provide scientific references for ecological conservation and restoration， land use optimization， and sustainable development policy formulation. [Methods] Expert opinions were represented using hesitant fuzzy sets. Drawing on the full permutation polygon synthetic indicator method （FPPSIM） surface aggregation method to reveal system functional multiplication effects， the HF-WFPPSIM method was proposed and applied to quantify the coupling coordination degree of the mountain-river-forest-farmland-lake life community in the Dianchi Lake Basin from 2016 to 2024. [Results] The coupling coordination degree of the life community in the basin increased from 0.482 to 0.688， achieving a transition from near-disharmony to primary coordination. This indicated effective multi-factor collaborative governance， with the “mountain-river-forest” triadic coupling demonstrating optimal performance. [Conclusion] The HF-WFPPSIM method is effective and reliable， accurately reflecting the nonlinear impact of interactions among ecological elements on overall system functionality. The method innovatively assigns weights to interactions among elements， capturing asymmetric coupling effects among mountains， rivers， forests， farmlands， and lakes. The farmland-lake coupling represents a weak link in system coordination， necessitating enhanced synergy between these two elements in future governance efforts.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatio-temporal characteristics， driving factors and future changing trends of carbon emissions from the planting industry in Shandong Province were analyzed， in order to provide scientific guidance for the province to formulate differentiated carbon reduction measures and achieve sustainable agricultural development. [Methods] Based on the agricultural data of 16 prefecture-level cities in Shandong Province from 2005 to 2024 in the ‘Shandong Statistical Yearbook’， the carbon emissions and intensity of the planting industry from 2004 to 2023 were measured using the carbon emission factor method. Combined with the Tapio decoupling model， LMDI model and grey prediction GM（1， 1） model， the spatial differences， driving factors and carbon emissions from 2024 to 2033 of the planting industry in Shandong Province were studied at both provincial and municipal levels. [Results] ① From 2004 to 2023， the carbon emissions of the planting industry in Shandong Province showed an M-shaped change of ‘increase-fluctuation-decrease’， with the total amount dropping from1.07×10⁷ t to 9.26×10⁶ t. Agricultural materials input was the main source of carbon emissions in Shandong Province’s planting industry. Among them， chemical fertilizers account for the highest proportion （46.16%）， followed by agricultural films （18.15%） and irrigation （15.85%）. Among crop planting， corn was the largest carbon source， accounting for 32.24%. ② The carbon emissions of the planting industry and economic growth in Shandong Province have shifted from ‘weak decoupling’ to ‘strong decoupling’. At the municipal level， high carbon emission areas were concentrated in Heze， Weifang and Linyi cities， while low carbon emission areas were in Zibo and Dongying cities. ③ From the perspective of influencing factors， planting industry production efficiency， agricultural industrial structure， regional industrial structure， and rural population size inhibited carbon emissions， while regional economic level and urbanization level promoted carbon emissions. ④ Over the next decade， carbon emissions from the planting industry in Shandong Province are projected to continue declining， with the total amount dropping from 8.95×10⁶ t to 7.32×10⁶ t. At the municipal level， Rizhao City will have the largest reduction， while Zaozhuang city will have the smallest reduction. [Conclusion] Over the past 20 years， both the total amount and intensity of carbon emissions from the planting industry in Shandong Province have decreased. There is a positive development between the carbon emissions of the planting industry and economic growth. Planting industry production efficiency， agricultural industrial structure， regional industrial structure， and rural population size have played a certain role in carbon reduction. Regional economic level and urbanization level are the main factors contributing to the increase in carbon emissions from the planting industry in Shandong Province. In the future， the carbon emissions of the planting industry in Shandong Province will continue to decline， but the pressure to reduce emissions in high-emission areas remains considerable. It is necessary to promote green and low-carbon development in agriculture through optimizing planting structure， improving production efficiency， and controlling the input of agricultural materials.

Abstract:[Objective] The carbon storage and carbon sequestration potential of new afforestation in the hilly region of the Loess Plateau were quantitatively assessed， in order to provide theoretical support for optimizing forest carbon sink management and carbon sink trading in this region and similar regions. [Methods] Taking Youyu County， Shanxi Province as the study area， data from artificial afforestation projects from 2012 to 2024 were systematically compiled. The biomass method and the Logistic growth curve model method were used to estimate the carbon density and carbon storage of different carbon pools （including biomass， dead organic matter， soil organic carbon， and total carbon） in the new afforestation area， and the future carbon sequestration potential was predicted. [Results] ① From 2012 to 2024， the carbon storage （calculated by carbon） increased from 6.18×10⁴ t to 2.49×10⁶ t， representing a 40.29-fold increase. The inclusion of baseline soil carbon storage outside the original boundaries was the core driving factor of the increase. ② If the contribution of baseline soil carbon storage from the new afforestation was excluded， the carbon storage in 2024 would be 5.05×10⁵ t， with biomass carbon storage accounting for 93.19%， making it the main carbon pool. The total carbon density in 2024 would be 14.98 t/hm²， lower than that of existing forests nationwide. In terms of tree species， the carbon storage proportion of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in 2024 was 79.57%， making it the primary carbon-sequestering species. The carbon density of mixed coniferous-broadleaf forests and P. sylvestris var. mongolica was significantly higher than that of other tree species， indicating that these two tree species had greater carbon sequestration potential locally. ③ By 2060， the carbon storage and carbon density were projected to reach 4.78×10⁶ t and 1.42 t/hm²， respectively， and the carbon density would be slightly higher than that of forests nationwide. P. sylvestris var. mongolica would remain the main carbon-sequestering tree species， but mixed coniferous-broadleaf forests would have greater carbon sequestration potential due to their higher carbon density （210.46 t/hm²）. [Conclusion] The new afforestation in Youyu County has achieved remarkable carbon sequestration effectiveness. In the future， the forest carbon sink capacity can be further enhanced through measures such as optimizing tree species structure and transforming shrublands， and the value of carbon sink ecological products can be realized by leveraging the national carbon market.

Abstract:[Objective] The evolutionary trends of carbon storage and habitat quality under the background of land use change in the Sanjiangyuan region were investigated， and an ecological assessment was conducted based on their comprehensive importance levels， in order to provide a scientific basis for optimizing land use structure and enhancing ecosystem functions in this region. [Methods] The PLUS model was used to predict the land use patterns under multiple scenarios in 2030， and the InVEST model was used to evaluate the spatiotemporal variations of carbon storage and habitat quality from 2000 to 2020 and in 2030. [Results] ① Carbon storage in 2000， 2010， and 2020 was 2.41×10⁹ t， 2.47×10⁹ t， and 2.47×10⁹ t， respectively. The mean habitat quality indices were 0.625 1， 0.660 6， and 0.662 2， respectively. ② The influence of different land use types on carbon storage followed the order： forest land > cultivated land > grassland > unused land > construction land > water area. Their influence on habitat quality followed the order： water area > forest land > grassland > cultivated land > unused land≈construction land. In terms of comprehensive importance level， forest land was classified as extremely high， grassland as high， water area and cultivated land as medium， and unused land and construction land as low. ③ The multi-scenario prediction results for 2030 showed that the wildlife protection scenario outperformed the grassland protection scenario， and the grassland protection scenario outperformed the natural development scenario. [Conclusion] It is recommended to give priority to the implementation of wildlife protection strategies， strictly control human disturbance such as overgrazing， curb the trend of grassland degradation， strengthen the ecological restoration of forest land and water area， and coordinate ecological protection with economic development to promote the stability and enhancement of the regional ecosystem.

Abstract:[Objective] The water conservation function of Chengde City of Hebei Province was simulated and predicted under different scenarios， in order to provide scientific support for optimizing the territorial spatial layout， enhance the capability of composite ecosystem services， and ensure water resource security in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. [Methods] Based on the PLUS-InVEST coupled model， four scenarios were established-cultivated land protection， ecological protection， natural development， and urban expansion-to predict and analyze land use and water conservation function in Chengde City in 2028， 2033， and 2038. [Results] ① The conflicts among production-living-ecological spaces continued to influence land use changes in Chengde City. The area of forest land remained generally stable， while grassland， except under the ecological protection scenario， was widely encroached upon and showed a trend of degradation. Under the urban expansion scenario， the area of impervious surfaces increased significantly. ② Under future scenarios， the distribution pattern of water conservation function in Chengde City remained highly stable， but the total amount was sensitive to land use changes. Except for the ecological protection scenario， the water conservation amount of grassland continued to decline. Under the urban expansion scenario， the water conservation function of forest land was encroached upon， while the water conservation amount of impervious surfaces increased abnormally. [Conclusion] Cultivated land， forest land， and grassland are the main contributors to water conservation function in Chengde City， which faces dual pressures of grassland degradation and unregulated urban expansion. In the future， while strictly protecting forest ecosystems， it is necessary to coordinate the protection of cultivated land with grassland restoration and to strictly control the unregulated expansion of impervious surfaces.

Abstract:[Objectives] The spatiotemporal variation characteristics and driving mechanisms of ecological environment quality in Dalian City were revealed， in order to provide a scientific basis for regional ecological protection and high-quality development. [Methods] Based on the Google Earth Engine （GEE） platform， the remote sensing ecological index （RSEI） of Dalian City was constructed. The Sen-MK trend analysis was employed to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of ecological environment quality from 2000 to 2023， and the Hurst exponent was used to predict the future short-term evolution trends of ecological environment quality. Furthermore， the optimal parameters-based geodetector was employed to identify the main driving factors and their interactions. [Results] ① From 2000 to 2023， the ecological environment quality of Dalian City showed an overall fluctuating upward trend， with significant spatial heterogeneity， showing a distribution pattern of “better in the north and worse in the south； worse in urban areas and better in suburbs”. ② The magnitude of ecological environment improvement in Dalian City during the historical period was greater than that of degradation， and the improving trend was expected to continue in the short term. However， certain local areas were at risk of trend reversal， indicating a need for strengthened ecological restoration and management. ③ The single-factor detection results showed that land use type was the dominant factor affecting ecological environment quality， followed by elevation and slope， and the driving effect of socioeconomic factors continued to increase over time. The interaction detection results showed that the interaction between land use type and annual precipitation was the strongest driving combination across all periods， revealing the ecological evolution mechanisms under the combined action of natural processes and human activities. [Conclusion] From 2000 to 2023， the ecological environment quality of Dalian City generally improved， with land use identified as the key driving factor. In the future， it is necessary to strengthen the optimization and maintain the stability of ecological patterns in urban centers and coastal areas， coordinate ecological environmental protection and restoration projects while promoting economic development， and promote the coordinated development of the regional economy and ecosystem.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatiotemporal evolution patterns of ecological environment quality and its main driving factors in Qinghai Province from 2000 to 2024 were systematically revealed， in order to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of ecological protection measures and restoration strategies in this region. [Methods] Based on moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer （MODIS） remote sensing data， the salinity index （SI₃） was incorporated into the remote sensing ecological index （RSEI）， and a modified remote sensing ecological index （mRSEI） was then constructed using a full time-series normalization method. Ecological function zones were used as the analysis units， and methods such as the Geodetector and trend analysis were employed. [Results] ① From 2000 to 2024， the overall ecological environment quality of Qinghai Province showed a slow upward trend， with an average increase of 0.025/10 a. Except for the alpine desert grassland ecological zone in the northern Tibetan Plateau， the average mRSEI values of all ecological function zones increased to varying degrees. ② The overall ecological environment quality of Qinghai Province was at a medium level （mRSEI=0.45）， with significant differences observed among different ecological zones. Among them， the forest and alpine grassland ecological zones in Qilian Mountains exhibited relatively better ecological quality （mRSEI=0.60）， whereas the desert ecological zone of the Qaidam Basin showed poor ecological conditions （mRSEI=0.22）. ③ The driving factors of ecological environment quality differed significantly across different ecological zones. For example， the main driving factors of forest and alpine grassland ecological zones in Qilian Mountains were gross primary productivity （q=0.61）， soil moisture （q=0.51）， and annual precipitation （q=0.44）， while the alpine desert grassland ecological zone in northern Tibetan Plateau was mainly driven by soil moisture （q=0.59）. [Conclusion] In general， the ecological environment of Qinghai Province shows an improving trend， however the ecological conditions and driving mechanisms differ significantly across different ecological function zones.

Abstract:[Objective] The impacts of urbanization level on ecological resilience and identify the key influencing factors of ecological resilience decline were measured， in order to provide theoretical support for the sustainable development and ecological protection of Changsha City. [Methods] Taking Changsha City as an example， this study employed the entropy method to calculate the urbanization level （UL） through a ‘population-economy-land-ecology’ multi-dimensional framework and applied the ‘resistance-adaptation-recovery’ model to evaluate ecological resilience （ER）. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was used to examine the spatiotemporal correlation characteristics between the two， and the optimal parameters-based geodetector coupled with random forest model （OPGD-RF model） was utilized to reveal the impact mechanisms of urbanization level and other driving factors on ecological resilience. [Results] ① From 2000 to 2024， the urbanization level in Changsha City was predominantly medium to high， exhibiting spatial differentiation characteristics where highly urbanized areas shifted from a single-center concentric pattern to a multi-center polar-core pattern. ② Ecological resilience was generally at medium to low levels， showing spatial distribution patterns of ‘higher in the north and west， lower in the central and northeast regions’ and ‘clustered low values and scattered high values’. ③ Land urbanization was the core driving factor causing a decline in ecological resilience. ④ Population agglomeration and economic growth did not necessarily lead to a decline in ecological resilience. Their direction and intensity of impact varied across different stages. [Conclusion] At different development stages， the dominant driving factors of ecological resilience change dynamically. Balancing urbanization development and ecological resilience is not only crucial for regional stability but also key to ensuring its long-term survival in the face of future challenges.

Abstract:[Objective] The ‘one river and three mountains’ region （Yellow River， Liupan Mountains， Helan Mountains， and Luo Mountains） in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is a key area of the northwest ecological security barrier. An in-depth analysis of the ecological baseline conditions was conducted， existing problems in ecological conservation were identified， in order to provide scientific guidance for ecological security risk assessment and early warning， ecological protection and restoration strategies， and sustainable ecosystem development in the key ecological functional zones of this region. [Methods] Focusing on the ecological characteristics of Ningxia’s ‘One River and Three Mountains’ region， this study systematically analyzed the baseline status of regional ecological resources from four dimensions-quantity， quality， services， and damage-based on high-resolution remote sensing data and ecological resource baseline surveys from 2019 to 2023. [Results] ① The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region had diverse ecological resources， with a total ecological area of 4.89×10⁶ hm². These resources were unevenly distributed， primarily consisting of farmland， forests， and grasslands， forming a structure characterized as ‘three parts farmland， four parts grassland， and two parts forest.’ ② Along the Yellow River mainstem， the average farmland quality was 4.45 grade， but groundwater quality was predominantly Class Ⅳ or Ⅴ， accounting for 91.3% of the area， with concentrated salinization of farmland. ③ The Helan Mountain area had prominent windbreak and sand fixation functions， but its water conservation capacity was less than 0.9% of that of the Liupan Mountains， with low vegetation coverage and an NDVI of 0.32. ④ The Liupan Mountains accounted for 60.3% of the region’s total water resources， but due to issues such as large areas of artificial forests and monospecific tree species， water conservation capacity had decreased. ⑤ In Luo Mountains， the area of moderate to severe desertification was 1.40×10⁵ hm²， with mining land accounting for 34.3% of the total area， indicating an increase in ecosystem vulnerability. [Conclusion] The ecological conditions of Ningxia’s ‘One River and Three Mountains’ region continue to improve， with ecological resource quality steadily enhancing. However， localized ecological fragility persists， and challenges such as water resource constraints， desertification， and human disturbance remain prominent. Tailored regional strategies and systematic restoration efforts are necessary to consolidate the ecological security barrier.

Abstract:[Objective] The evolution mechanism and catastrophic process of dam-break debris flows in the Bailong River basin were investigated in order to provide technical support for their early warning and prevention. [Methods] Ganjia gully in Hanwang Town， Longnan City was selected as the study area. Characteristics of source materials， topography， and rainfall were obtained through indoor remote sensing interpretation and field investigation. Combined with disaster-forming conditions such as regional geological structures and seismic activity， the movement characteristics of dam-break debris flows were systematically analyzed. Furthermore， three dam-break modes， including main gully， branch gully， and cascading dam-break， were simulated and comparatively analyzed using the numerical simulation platform OpenLISEM. [Results] ① The Ganjia gully watershed had abundant source materials and numerous collapse-slide masses， with rainstorms being the main triggering factor. These masses were prone to forming dam-break debris flows after blocking the channel. ② The evolution process of dam-break debris flows was divided into four stages： collapse-slide mass instability-channel blockage-landslide dam formation and breach-discharge amplification causing disaster. The catastrophic process involved the coupling of rapid conversion of gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy and the overall fluid impact pressure. ③ The simulation results showed that the main gully dam-break debris flow had a runout distance of 1 342.06 m， a deposition area of 1.38 km²， and a maximum deposition thickness of 21.64 m， slightly blocking the Bailong River. The branch gully dam-break debris flow was relatively smaller in scale， with a deposition area of 1.03 km² and a maximum deposition thickness of 15.37 m， causing no blockage to the Bailong River. The cascading dam-break debris flow was the largest in scale， with a runout distance of 1 365.64 m， a deposition area of 1.92 km²， and a maximum deposition thickness of 28.2 m， severely blocking the Bailong River and forming a barrier lake， which was highly likely to trigger an outburst flood and posed a serious threat to downstream residential areas. [Conclusions] ① Ganjia gully possesses unfavorable conditions， including steep terrain， abundant source materials， concentrated rainfall， and frequent seismic activity， making it a high-incidence area for dam-break debris flows. ② Dam-break debris flows generally undergo the blockage—impoundment—outburst stages， and their destructive power is significantly higher than that of general rainstorm-induced debris flows. ③ Different dam-break modes vary in scale， deposition range， and hazard severity， among which the cascading dam-break presents the greatest risk.

Abstract:[Objective] Focusing on the headward erosion process of rills， the research progress in research hotspots， development processes and mechanisms， influencing factors， and erosion prediction models of rill headward erosion were summarized and prospected， in order to provide scientific references for the study of rill headward erosion processes. [Methods] The relevant publications were retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） and the Web of Science （WoS） Core Collection， covering the period from 1997 to August 2025. Visual analyses of keywords and contributing countries/regions were performed using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. [Results] Current researches on rill erosion primarily focus on runoff regulation and sediment transport， whereas quantitative studies on the single process of rill headcut erosion remain insufficient. During runoff scouring， rills first develop along flow paths， and step-pools form at intervals along these paths. These step-pools， with greater erosive force， gradually incise， resulting in headcut erosion. Headcut height is the main factor affecting slope erosion intensity during runoff scouring， while the magnitude of headcut erosion is influenced by factors such as climate， soil texture， and topography. Most existing soil erosion prediction models focus on the combined processes of rill erosion， while parameter selection and measurement indicators for rill headcut erosion prediction models receive little attention. [Conclusion] Future research directions are proposed， including strengthening quantitative research on rill headcut erosion， enhancing dynamic monitori of its development processes， and constructing prediction models for headcut erosion processes.